About 'unlocking sherlock'|BBC Sherlock Fic: Proximity
Psychological profiling can't be done for all crimes committed. But psychological profiling is especially helpful when a series of violent crimes are being committed that appear to have elements in common. And psychological profiling of violent offenders must take into consideration several factors: biology, culture, environment, and experiences--not just evidence. Personality and the Profile Personality makes us who we are, but we weren't born with our personalities, completely. Instead, they are formed through biology, the culture in which we are raised, the home environment we grew up in-as well as the school and work environments we are later influenced by. In addition, the combination of the experiences we have in common with others (school, marriage, dating) and those that are expressly unique to us (a cruel teacher or spouse, being raised as an orphan) also shape our personalities. But the personality of the violent offender is different from an average person. Violent offenders-like neurotic personalities-have unusual personality characteristics from a normal-functioning person. Therefore, when they commit a crime their personality will play an important role in how that crime was committed and the crime scene they leave behind. Crime Scene and Personality To help you understand the interplay between crime scene and personality, let's look at a fictional crime scene in the scenario below. If a crime scene is devoid of fingerprints, the weapon used in the crime, and a total lack of evidence (like DNA), the psychological profile would likely conclude that the offender is organized and slightly higher in intelligence and that he plans an action carefully before implementing it. In everyday life he might be viewed, personality-wise, as someone who is dependable at work, neat, and able to brainstorm for solutions to problems without too much help from others. He might also be viewed as someone who isn't given to making rash decisions. That sounds like a lot of us, eh? Choose a Suspect If the police have two suspects in custody and one of them is a mentally ill patient suffering from a disorder like schizophrenia, and who just happened to be nearby at the time the police arrived (and was acting a little "off" ), you might lean towards him as the offender. But let's consider both suspects. Let's say the other is an accountant who is anal. His office is so organized, his car so clean that he doesn't need a maid or a wife. On the one hand you have a person at the scene of the crime, who acts weird, and had opportunity. But the accountant would better fit this crime profile, since the mental ill patient would be unorganized and much less likely capable of planning or carrying out such a crime without leaving evidence behind, whereas the accountant could easily pull it off. This isn't to say that either suspect is the actual offender police are seeking; it just means that the accountant fits the profile better, so he would be the one to focus on if all other evidence points to him. Method of Operation (MO, or Modus Operandi) Criminals who have the same method of operation from crime to crime are the ones psychological profiling is used to help find. This is because they are creatures of habit, and it is easier to catch a creature of habit-once you learn his ways, that is--with a profile analysis, than to catch a criminal who deviates his MO consistently (like a mentally ill person who is committing crimes helter skelter and even he doesn't understand his rationale). But method of operation, also known as modus operandi or MO, isn't always understood by those not in the field of profiling or law enforcement. Likewise, MO is sometimes confused by people with the term "signature," which is something entirely different from MO (more on that in the next article). Let me see if I can explain MO in understandable English. A criminal may be a violent offender who likes to mug people. However, he might only mug when opportunity presents itself or he has a financial need, or he is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Therefore, this type of offender's crimes are sporadic and dictated by circumstances-not an internal drive by a violent personality that needs a regular fix--in the exact same way each time--as a sexual predator does. Likewise, the criminal without a consistent MO may never use the same means (MO) of mugging a person, since he may not plan to commit his crime until the last minute: one day it may be with a gun as the person leaves a building; the next time he may use a knife and follow the person three blocks first. But serial muggers (like other serial offenders) will use the same MO over and over again, repeating what works for them. Their first crime might look different from their tenth one, but it is because they have learned from their earlier mistakes and now use the method that has proven to work best--and help them escape detection by the police. These type of offenders keep improving on their MO, but once perfected, it will stay consistent. Their final MO may be to stake out an alley near a deserted parking garage and come up behind an individual as they are unlocking their car. And that, then, is what they would do every time they mug someone in the future. Hence, the reason psychological profiles work in helping to apprehend this type of offender is due to the repeat nature of their actions. Like the rest of us, criminals are creatures of habit. So when a crime and the crime scene produces an offender with a consistent MO, a profile can be produced. References: Personal Profile Experience Holmes, Ronald M. and Stephen T., "Profiling Violent Crimes - An Investigative Tool," 3rd Ed. ****OTHER PROFILING ARTICLES BY THIS AUTHOR INCLUDE: Profiling Crime Psychologically: Inductive Reasoning (Think Dr. Watson) http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2548783/profiling_crime_pyschologically_inductive.html?cat=17 Profiling Crime: The Deductive Reasoning Approach (Think Sherlock Holmes) http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2549677/profiling_crime_the_deductive_reasoning.html?cat=17 |
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